Believing in the Past
I have recently been reading Paul Bradshaw's Reconstructing Early Christian Worship. It follows on from two previous books: The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship and Eucharistic Origins. Paul Bradshaw is an liturgical historian who is interested what we know of the practice of the Early Church. He describes himself as a splitter rather than an a lumper. A lumper is someone who makes connection and fits the pieces into an overall picture; a splitter looks at the evidence and is suspicious of any suggestion that goes far beyond the text.
In this most recent book he looks at his three areas of interest: Eucharist, Baptism and Prayer, and explores a series of questions. His method is to look at what various writers or Church documents in the early Church tell us but recognising the geographical differences. This requires a careful reading of the texts but also acknowledgement that the we only ever have glimpses of the picture. Imagine, for example, that in 100 years time this blog was the evidence for RCIA - what picture would you construct.
There are 3 chapters on Baptism: Catechumens and the Gospel, the Profession of Faith and Varieties of Anointing, The third traces the differences in the practice across the churches of pre and post-baptismal anointing, The first, Catechumens and the Gospel, ask the question at what point did Catechumens hear the gospel. In looking at the evidence from the first 3 centuries the possible answer seems to be surprising late. Initial formation seemed to been ethical — how to live.
The second chapter of the section, the Profession of Faith, builds on the first chapter. Bradshaw first suggests that a profession of faith seems to be a key element in the process of initiation and then makes the distinction that we cannot be certain that credal texts in early documents are a record of catechetical or liturgical use. Looking at 4th century Syrian sources he notes that there was shift from a profession of faith in Christ coming when catechumens began to hear the Gospel, to a fuller credal statement which is connected to baptism. In Roman practice he makes the interesting proposal that the text: 'Do you believe…' 'I do believe' is not just a consequence of Latin not have a word for 'yes' but that form of question and answer is that of a Roman contract. So he suggests that someone being initiated understood themselves as making a contract with Christ rather than just assenting to a set of beliefs. This has implications for infant baptism as a sponsor is, in Roman legal terms, a proxy making contract.
Bradshaw does not study and write about the past just so that we know about the past but is fully aware of its implications for the present. He is not though someone who wants to recreate the past rather he wants to do a couple of things. One, help us understand what we are doing at present within the history of what the Church has done and secondly not to get stuck with the idea that there is one way of doing or understanding something.
Gaps
This year's RCIA Network Conference is called 'Bridging the Gap'. It will be based on the period of the pre-catechumenate. One aspect it will consider is what sort of parish helps the RCIA to happen.
This Sunday's Gospel(s) might offer an aid to reflection.
In year C we heard the parable of prodigal son. In the Sunday's of year C there two interconnecting strands - the covenant that God continues to offer in love and stories of God's mercy in the Gospel. They would make a good series of readings for anyone looking at 'returning Catholics'.
When we consider the story of the Prodigal Son and think about our parishes and communities - who are we most like? The Father - waiting, looking out for and all-forgiving; the elder Son - wondering what all the fuss is about and how this might affect them; or perhaps even the pigs - unaware of the great things happening in their midst?
Or in Year A - the Man born blind. Given the rising number of catechumens who became elect at the Rite of Election one might presume that more and more parishes are celebrating the Scrutinies and using Year A readings...
Once again the gospel story does not paint a great picture of community. Between the authorities and his parents the blind man is buffeted. It is only in Jesus, the true heart of community, that he finds healing and enlightenment.
For Conference booking form please go to: http://www.rcia.org.uk/Events/2010/index.html
2010 Conference
The booking form for the RCIA Network's 2010 Conference has been mailed out to members.
It will be published on the website later this week.
Seeking Resources
Once upon a time this was going to be an article for the Newsletter but lack of space prevented pen being put on paper or fingers to keyboard. The article is about finding resources on the web. It makes more sense to put it on the web and maybe at this time of year you may have time to follow the links and even add your own suggestions.
Rite
The complete text of the Rite is not available on the web. There are two reasons for this. The first is copyright. The second is about technology - one of the effects of the internet is that we expect everything to be available but to be available someone has to put it there. RCIA predates the common use of computers - there is no handy electronic text of the rite. So it would first need to be typed up.
All the introductions of the Rite are available on the Liturgy Office website. There is a project to include the Introductions to all the rites on the website. Even if you do not have a copy of the book you can be familiar with the Introduction. The Introductions to the revised Rites provide the theological underpinning, practical guidance and areas for adaptation.
Scripture
The Jerusalem Bible is again not available on the web for similar reasons to the Rite I expect. The New Jerusalem Bible can be found at Catholic Online. This is not a site I have explored that much- the Bible seems well done. There seem to be quite a few 'pop-ups'. I am not sure how much is based on American Catholic Culture but I did discover that A & E stood for Arts and Entertainment rather than emergency prayers!
The New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) will be the core text of a new published version of the Lectionary. The Oremus Bible Browser provides excellent online access. For example, you can, at the click of button, show the text with verse numbers or not - which makes it great for copying.
For some guidance about copyright and how much you can use at one time without need to seek permission see the Liturgy Office website.
One of the great, unsung, ecumenical advances of the last 10 years has been the adoption by many non-Catholic Churches of the Revised Common Lectionary (RCL). This is based on our Roman (or Common) Lectionary. Though the 'revised' parts means that it does use some different principles for choosing readings for the majority of readings on the majority of Sundays we are sharing in a communion of the Word. One of the consequences of this is that there is a wealth of resources on the web based on the RCL. To give just one example the Revised Common Lectionary website has not just the texts but images as well.
Two other Lectionary resources that may be useful for those who have people for whom English is not their first language. The Vienna International Religious Centre provides the readings in a variety of European languages including eastern European. The English text appears to use the Jerusalem Bible (unacknowledged). The Department of Tourism of the Spanish Bishops' Conference offers a similar service. I am uncertain what English version is used (it's not JB, NJB, RSV, NRSV or NAB).
Images
Images can be subject to copyright in the same way as text and music. It is easy to find images which are either copyright-free or where the owner gives permission for their use. Key to finding such images are Creative Commons. This is a system which allows people to show if their work can be used by others. The owner can distinguish whether or not the work should attributed to the author, that the use should be non-commercial, whether changes can be made and finally if the user should make their own work available in the same way as the original. The image at the beginning of this paragraph has a license that states that I can freely use the work and even change it if I wish but I have to attribute to the photographer. If you hover your cursor over the image you should see the title and photographer.
Creative Commons has its own search site which allows you to find images, text, video and music. It does this by using search engines such as google and checking whether what you are looking for they have a CC license. My two favourite sources for images are Fickr and Wikimedia Commons. Flickr is a photosharing site and is great for finding images that can spark the imagination. Wikimedia is better for finding classic art.
Happy searching!
Why not add good resources you have come across in the comments.
RCIA Network Newsletter – December 09
New edition of the Newsletter now available on website
A prayer every catechumen should know
Listening to the Gospel on Sunday I was struck again by the power of the Magnifcat. It bursts in as a response to Elizabeth's friendly and formal greeting. It is as though these words have been bubbling up in Mary and Elizabeth is first person she has seen who can begin to understand what she is going through.
A favourite bugbear of mine are those songs which are predominantly in the first person, 'songs about me and Jesus, which often come from different ecclesial traditions fit uneasily in our liturgy with its ecclesial/communal dimension. I was once asked, 'yes, but what about the Magnificat - is that in the first person' But looking at the text it anything but self-centred. Elizabeth says Blessed is she who believed that the promise made her by the Lord would be fulfilled. Mary's response is two-fold: it's not about Mary it is about God — she is blessed for what God has done for her; he is holy, and she has come to realise that the fulfilment of God's promise affects everyone — the world will be turned upside down by the child in her womb. We sometimes forget that Mary sings her song before Christ is born — she is a prophet.
So why should every catechumen know this prayer? Well, it is a core liturgical text. Sung by the Church every day as part of Evening Prayer. It occurs a number of times in the Lectionary either as part of the Gospel, as yesterday on the Assumption, or in place of the psalm. When the liturgy refers to a song of thanksgiving such as following communion or at the end of a penitential service the Magnificat is often given as an example. So part of the reason a catechumen should know it is so that they can participate in the prayer life of the Church. There is both a richness and a radicalism in the text which has sustain the Church's prayer across the centuries.
Furthermore I think it offers a model of prayer:
- that the fundamental attitude or starting point should praise and thanksgiving — for what God has done for us
- that our petitions should remember the lowly and hungry — that God has an option for the poor
- that our prayer links us with the wider Church across time and space — even to Abraham
- that God's promises will be fulfilled.
Some thoughts about putting it into practice
- Ideally introduce the text within the context of the Gospel passage
- Use the Magnificat in your prayer
- Sing it — it's the original Marian hymn. There are plenty of settings — try to use one which sticks closely to the text. If your parish has a regular sung Evening Prayer why not use that version.
- Use it as a building block to praying Evening Prayer together possibly in a simplified form.
- Make or obtain a prayer card with the text on and give one to each catechumen inviting them to pray it every day.
- Have an Advent reflection using the Magnificat perhaps focussing on Mary'. What does the text tell us about Mary?
- Magnificat is the first word of the Latin text and is used a shorthand way of referring to the text in any language. It can be translated as proclaims, rejoices, glorifies.
- The clip art is from a site run by Missionaries of the Sacred Heart in Peru who provide an image for every Sunday
Looking around
Like all those Walking the Rite Way in August the pace might be a little gentler. As in the parish accompanying those who are continuing their journey to Easter we won't stop and say switch off your 'faith button' nobody wants to know about faith in August. We will continue on the journey and maybe the slower pace will allow us to point out things we might otherwise have missed.
Why no one should join the RCIA
One of many things I enjoy about the Team RCIA blog is the ability to express clearly and succinctly some of the issues faced by RCIA teams - even when they may not be aware there might be an issue in the first place! I particularly enjoyed the recent posting Why no one should join the RCIA as it articulated something I have been aware of for a while use of the letters 'RCIA' as a kind of fairy dust that validates everything we might do.
One of the questions the Network Executive will be reflecting on at its September meeting will how do we present RCIA to the outside world. I am sure this article will help our discussion but we would also welcome local experience as well.
development matters!
One of the great achievements in ecumenism and liturgy has been the adoption of the Revised Common Lectionary by many non-Catholic denominations. A revision of our own Roman Lectionary which in particular reviewed how the Old Testament was used there is however far more in common between the two versions than there is different. One fruit of this is that most Sundays any church that uses a Lectionary will be hearing the same Gospel being proclaimed - a communion of the Word. Another fruit is the greater number of scripture resources that become available to us.
One I came across recently is on the website of the Anglican diocese of Bath and Wells - development matters! global issues linked to the lectionary. For every Sunday there is a note on the themes and ideas in the text, and then notes on contemporary parallels, comments and questions. The themes are linked within background notes, stories, invitations to action and prayer.
Being dogmatic or About a Boy
At the recent Network Study Days One of Us one thing that I heard a number of times was either 'I have never thought of it like that' or I had not realised it meant that'. These moments of revelation were often connected with fundamental aspects of rite. They were theological equivalent for not being able to see the wood for the trees. We may have read the Rite through but unless we have grasped some guiding principles or recognise the assumptions that the text is making we may miss the meaning. To give one example I think the rite assumes that parishes are places of life long learning. A surface reading of the rite might assume that mystagogia ends at Pentecost rather than the neophyte is initiated into a community that continues to want know more about the love of God and has opportunities to do so.
One of my favourite phrases in my favourite paragraph (75) is a suitable catechesis… 'accommodated to the liturgical year'. You could breeze past that without a pause. An interesting aspect of the Rite is that does not contain a syllabus, at first glance there are only rites but I would argue the information is all there. But first a quotation from Pope Benedict:
…in the Church's ancient tradition the process of Christian formation always had an experiential character. While not neglecting a systematic understanding of the content of the faith, it centred on a vital and convincing encounter with Christ,as proclaimed by authentic witnesses. Sacramentum Caritatis 64
This echoes the General Directory for Catechesis that the object of catechesis is to promote communion with Christ. (GDC 30)
Back to my favourite phrase. What is the purpose of the liturgical year — 'to unfold the entire mystery of Christ' (GNLYC 1). I would suggest that within the simple phrase 'accommodated to the liturgical year' is a the foundation of the catechetical content of the catechumenate — to know the life, mission, teaching, passion, death and resurrection of Christ as unfolded through the liturgical year. We hear this story unfolding but it is not enough to know the story that would be seeing only wood. The story has meaning and challenges to how we live our lives.
In a review of the recent book by Karen Armstrong The Case for God the reviewer Paul Vallely summarised part of Armstrong's argument about the differences between earlier centuries understanding of belief and current perceptions:
We see a number of revealing shifts in meaning 'I believe' has become scientised to mean 'I assert these propositions to be empirically correct.' What it originally meant was 'I pledge my heart and my loyalty'. Jesus was asking for commitment not credulity. Similarly the word dogma now means a ruling laid down by authority. But originally it meant a teaching that cannot be expressed verbally but which is intuited through the liturgy.
…a vital and convincing encounter with Christ,as proclaimed by authentic witnesses…
A final reminder as to why the life of Jesus is not only foundational but necessary is the results of the Biblical Literacy survey. It is an area rich in anecdotes which we who are familiar can find amusing or astonishing, or perhaps should remind us that we can take these things for granted. As in one of a group of art students going round the National Gallery after seeing numerous Nativity scenes and asking why is it always a boy?
EuroCat 09: Integration
We met in Vienna over the bank holiday weekend. As Caroline previously reported there were over 70 participants from 22 countries stretching from Moldovia on the Black Sea coast to Portugal on the Atlantic; Sweden in the north to Sicily in the south. It was the first EuroCat meeting that participants from England and Wales had participated in for a number of years and we were welcomed back prodigally.
The Conference was well run by the Austrian team in a good venue and a timetable that mixed input, reflection, visits and prayer, The liturgies were generally short and simple focusing on a symbol from the Rite. The use of the different languages was well handled.
The languages of the Conference were German, French and English and in our reflection group were Swedes, Lithuanians, Italians etc. It meant that communication had to be measured. One of my first insights into the theme of integration was to realise that to achieve common dialogue the native speakers might have to think a bit more before speaking and to give up some of the nuances of one's own languages so that others might understand.
For the main inputs there were summary papers as well as simultaneous translation. The various papers and reports can be found on the website of the Austrian Pastoral Institute under Eurocat. The theme of the meeting was Integration and this was explored from a number of angles: psychological, theological, and sociological. This may sound dry but each speaker illustrated their ideas from experience and were thought provoking. A significant insight for me was how the place of church and religion in society affected the understanding and practice of the catechumenate. Austria has been a Catholic country with the vast majority who are born there baptised. This means that the catechumenate is nascent and tiny. Only in Vienna diocese was there a Rite of Election and this involved 15 catechumens. Many of those who come for baptism would be immigrants. This meant that RCIA was outside the experience of the speakers; we had to do the work applying their insights to our experience. This did not hamper the usefulness of what they said though, for example, there was perhaps a confusion about whether integration was a matter for catechumens and neophytes. A further application of this insight was to realise that our greater experience with Receptions was a fruit of our particular demographic situation. Though in our preparation we looked at the figures given in the Tablet for the diocesan Rite of Elections and saw that in every diocese the number of upbaptised was about a third of the total.
As is often the case with such meetings it is the visits to the local church that can be the most memorable. We had two opportunities the first to parishes in the Vienna area that had experience of the catechumenate, the second to places of integration. The parish was in the suburbs of Vienna, near the airport. The parish priest had had a couple of experiences of initiation of adults. One, a young girl of 19, also came to talk the group. Hers was a most moving story. She had lost her parents when she was 12 and had gone to live with aunt — no one in her family had been interested in religion and she had never been baptised. A school friend had invited her to come with her to church and when she was 14 to join the preparation group for confirmation. When it was realised she had not been baptised it was proposed that as the confirmation preparation took 2 years she would be baptised at the intervening Easter Vigil. The pastor celebrated all the rites at the main parish liturgies and she received a lot of support from the parish - the confirmation group formed a team. One moving moment was that she sang the Exsultet at the Easter Vigil the year after her baptism. In her own words she only became interested and engaged in her faith after her baptism. It was an interesting reminder that integration into a community can precede faith and the process of initiation. This would often be our experience where spouses accompany their families to Mass over many years before deciding to take the plunge.
The second visit was to church that had been built as part of a new office and housing development. Even though the diocese was not planning a church in the area they decided it was not an offer to turn down. The design of the church was very striking — black on the outside, light beech on the inside it was based on a cube with the lower third providing meeting spaces. Like many churches situated near offices there was a different weekday and Sunday congregation. 10am Sunday Mass was the most diverse — the pastor explained that people came who were attracted by the simplicity of the architecture and the liturgy. The church also provided a gathering point for different ethnic groups in the city where they could celebrate Mass and socialise afterwards.
A recurring theme of the five days was what does it mean to integrate? Is it assimilation where we expect people to become like us or accommodation where we adapt to them. Integration was recognised to be a two way street where the community has to be open and welcoming to newcomers. Our openness may even require us to change, adjust and adapt. Like all good reflections on RCIA the content and the process worked together. Just as we were given much content to stimulate our thought; the team made sure that we were integrated into a Eurocat community. Now the rich time of mystagogy as we reflect on what we have heard and integrate the new thoughts and ideas into our lives.
A tale echoing across the centuries
A number of years ago I was on holiday on the 3rd Sunday of Lent in Venice. Venice was not too crowded and the light was bright and clear. It was sunny but you still needed a coat - holiday tips over.
At the end of Mass in Murano we were handed a prayer card. Today the new bishop of the diocese was to be installed in St Mark's basilica. Back in Venice going up the Grand Canal we were aware that groups from parishes we beginning to congregate on the canal side with posters and banners welcoming the new bishop. In the end we decided to hang around and see what was going to happen and eventually there was flotilla of boats and gondolas with trumpeters and attendants dressed in finery as the bishop approached his Cathedral. It was truly a spectacle but a thoroughly inculturated one too.
And the connection with RCIA?
Well the prayer card. The image on the front was the Jesus and the Woman at the Well. It was taken from the mosaics in St Mark's basilica - more inculturation. The story was told in two scenes - like two frames from a film - Jesus talking to the woman at the well and then the woman proclaiming the good news. Firstly it was a reminder that on that Sunday the Church across the world was feasting at the Table of the Word on this story - it is a sign of our communion, what we hold in common. Also it was a reminder for me that this is a story that has been retold across the centuries. The stories which are illustrated in mosaics, a slow laborious process, are the stories which a community held to be important.
In the renewal of the Lectionary following the Second Vatican Council the story of the Woman at the well was restored to the 3rd Sunday of Lent, and the Man born blind and the raising of Lazarus on the subsequent Sundays. Great importance is placed on these stories. Even where there are no elect to be initiated at Easter these readings from Year A may always be read. Where they are not read on the Sunday the Lectionary encourages that they are heard at Mass at some point in the following week. Where there are Elect, and so the Scrutinies are being celebrated, these readings are used whatever year it is in the Lectionary.
It is worth emphasising that there are few other Sundays where the choice of Gospel is so singular.
The importance of these stories is in part a sign that Initiation is that important - It's unavoidable. It is also a reminder of the richness of these stories.
- If you were to choose two snapshots from these Gospels what would they be?
- What caption would you give them?
In reflecting on the mosaic in St Mark's I was struck that this was an unequivocal example of a woman being the first to proclaim and preach the good news in a particular place.
The Word we proclaim is never just a 'once upon a time' tale. It is always being fulfilled in our hearing but perhaps the best chance for these readings to be fulfilled is where there are elect - people waiting for baptism. When this happens we may begin to realise that we can never hear enough of this good news. We sometimes speak of RCIA being normative but the truth is that it is evangelising and initiating adults which is normative of being Church.
The mosaic can be found on the website of St Mark's Basilica --> follow the link to [The Stories of Christ]. It is not possible to copy the image from the site.